Essay An Ethnic History of Europe Since 1945 - 1311 Words

An Ethnic History of Europe Since 1945 Ethnicity, the rise of nationalism, the formation of new nation-states in the aftermath of the collapse of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia and the peaceful split of Czechoslovakia have become central topics for politics and scholarship in the 1990s. Studies on ethnic conflict, nation building, and particular ethnic and minority groups in Europe abounded throughout the last decade. However, a cohesive book that provides a systematic and general picture of minority existence so far has been missing. Panikos Panayis An Ethnic History of Europe since 1945 (published in New York, 2000) tries to fill this gap for the post-war period. As the author correctly states, so far: no single author has†¦show more content†¦The third section centering on the authors definition of ethnicity discusses the politicization of cultural differences underlying his definition of ethnicity. The last section is dedicated to the role of the state in recognition of minority existence of minorities, and bri efly describes the role of modern media in their inclusion or exclusion. The authors approach, including indigenous as well as migrant minorities, provides for a challenging intellectual comparison leaving the reader with the question of what the merits, but also the limits, of comparison are. The binding element offered by Panayi is ethnicity that sets dispersed, localized, or immigrant minorities (the three categories he uses) apart from majorities in a world of nation-states. Thus, at the outset of the book one expects to learn where the author places himself within the camps of scholars who have passionately argued from the mid-1980s on about the essence of ethnicity and nationhood. The reader is surprised from the outset that Panayi does not bother with contextualizing his concept of ethnic groups and nations within these debates. Instead we learn that ethnicity, nation, nationalism, nation state and minority each [...] have a precise meaning which have become confused by [...] over-use in the media and social science discourse (p. 3-4). However, the Show MoreRelatedNazi Crimes And The Holocaust1231 Words   |  5 PagesFrom 1941 to 1945, Jews were systematically murdered in one of the deadliest genocides in history, which was part of a broader aggregate of acts of oppression and killings of various ethnic and political groups in Europe by the Nazi regime. Every arm of Germany s bureaucracy was involved in the logistics and the carrying out of the genocide. Other victims of Nazi crimes included Romanians, Ethnic Poles and other Slavs, Soviet POWs, communists, homosexuals, Jehovah s Witnesses and the mentally andRead MoreWhy Did Australian Officials Feel The Keep Sell? 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Can negotiations occur without trust Free Essays

Can negotiations occur without trust BY Richer The nature of negotiation and its process constitutes a number of various factors that leads to an effective or ineffective process and outcome. One of the primary purposes of a negotiation is to come an agreement with another party by exchanging offers and to find solutions to a common issue, â€Å"whenever we cannot achieve our objectives single-heartedly’ (Thompson, 2009). Some believe that in order to conduct a negotiation, trust is an utmost important factor as negotiators depend on the information provided by the other party, on the outcomes to which the parties omit throughout the negotiation process, and on the other party to deliver the commitments (Licked, Poplin, 2013). We will write a custom essay sample on Can negotiations occur without trust or any similar topic only for you Order Now This essay aims to discuss whether trust is a precondition for negotiation. As such, it will attempt to reach to a deeper understanding of trust in a negotiation, before understanding how it may influence the outcome, and whether a negotiation may take place between us and the people whom we do not trust. Examples of trust and distrust within negotiations are given, before the essay will conclude with reasons why it is impossible to successfully negotiate with people whom we do not trust. Trust is commonly defined as a confident and positive expectation of the actions of another party (Lessons, Smith, 2012). Trusting gives us the assumption that the other party would meet the expectation by considering our welfare and honoring their commitment towards the agreement. Trust in negotiations, like in any other independent relationships, is characterized by dependency and vulnerability to the other party. Trust in this case, according to Lessons, implies to the positive expectation to sought common solutions to create value, integrate interests, and find mutually beneficial solutions (Lessons, Smith, 2012). This brings us to the characteristic of an integrative negotiation, which seeks to create value and achieving joint gains. In such cases, negotiators are in dependence to each or one another for the sharing or exchange of information. According to Licked and Poplin, even though a negotiator may have a certain level of doubt in the other party, he or she still has to have at least a bit of trust, otherwise, it may be impossible to accept anything the other party says at face value or reach a viable agreement (Licked, Poplin, 2013). As a result, being constantly afraid and doubtful with what is being shared would not low us to take a step further. This is further aggravated by the fact that negotiators may not be able to verify the received information. Here, trust is more about acceptance rather than further scrutiny and serves as stepping-stones to have an exchange of information during the negotiation process. Without trust, we are not able to move on further to create solutions and agreements based on the information received. As such, the negotiation is impossible to proceed further due to an absence of trust. In a negotiation, many parties tend to focus on positions, not interests. The relevance f how interests could halt a negotiation seems to interlink with the problem of having trust. If we do not trust the other party, we lack an openness to share our objectives and understand their interests in the negotiation. In an example of the story shared by (Fisher, Our, 2006), two men were in conflict in a library as one wanted the window open and the other wanted it closed. Both could not come to an agreement on how much to leave the window open. When a third party, the librarian asked why both mean wanted it closed or open, one shared that he wanted to get fresh air, but the other wanted to avoid the draft (Fisher, Our, 2006). Here, we can see how both men focused on the position, the â€Å"what†, and not each other’s interests, the â€Å"why’. As such, we can see that without understanding each other’s interest, both men came into conflict and could not negotiate on a solution. As a result, it then becomes virtually impossible to really identify or appreciate the problem that actually needs to be addressed (Fisher, Our, 2006). To build on this, trust is extremely important as it serves as a foundation for understanding each other’s interest before working on the solutions or agreements. Without trust, both parties will not seek to understand each other, and end up being fixated on their positions due to their own interests. This prevents both parties to successfully negotiate on the issue. In order to negotiate, trust is important in order to avoid retaliation due to a conflict of views and ideas. Without trust, every solution and idea will be met with suspicion and skepticism. This lack of trust not only inhibits cooperation and successful negotiation, it may also result in retaliation that causes the escalation of conflict (Coleman, et al. 2000). In addition, according to (Kramer, 1994), this may even result n paranoid cognitions in which one may feel that he or she is subject to the other party malevolence. These perceptions may then drive him or her to the point of hyper vigilance and rumination, resulting in a faulty diagnosis of the result of working with the other party (Licked, 2006). As such, conflicts would then arise, as the negotiator would increasingly focus on his or her position, and end up reluctant to come into agreement. The negotiation will then come to an impasse as both sides end up using their negative perceptions to retaliate each other, causing the conflict to escalate beyond control. As explained above, trust seems to be indispensable in order to negotiate. However, according to a writer Bonnie Change, claiming trust is necessary for all negotiation seem to be an overstatement as the significance of trust is culture and context specific (Change, 2009). In her example of how two people may conduct a negotiation without trust, she gave a scenario of negotiation with hostage- takers. A negotiator and a hostage-taker do not know each other and thus, will not have any trust between them. However, both of them may still engage in a negotiation to lay down the benefits of letting the hostage go. The negotiator’s main objective is to talk the hostage-taker into revealing information about him or herself, and find out what kind of concessions to make for the release of the hostage. The hostage-taker’s main objective is to use the hostage to obtain what he or she needs, including the escape from the crime. The succession of the negotiation in such cases are a result of the weight of the gains and losses, depending on which side has more power to influence the outcome. For example, if the hostage were to be a high profile person, the hostage-taker would have more power to negotiate through to his or her wants. Therefore, through this example, negotiations may occur even though both parties do not trust each other. According to (Choc, 2013), should there be no trust between two parties, relying on formal legal mechanisms such as preparing contracts are constructive ways to proceed with a negotiation. These formalized documents remind people of what they had agreed upon and serves as documentation, minimizing miscommunication that may occur if a deal is made based on fertilization. Creation of such agreements usually requires elaborate consequences and penalties for violating the terms of agreement (Licked, Poplin, 2013). These consequences of violation commonly includes penalties such as monetary compensations and mechanisms such as law and the police force will be brought in to become part of the system of enforcement, should any agreements be violated. With a contract to force people to keep to a certain agreement, trust is not required in order for a negotiation to occur. We meet new people everyday, and sometimes, negotiations may occur whether or not we know the person. Of course, trust is not immediately established. Rather, like impressions, our Judgments of trustworthiness can occur rapidly at the start of a stagnation. This trustworthiness may result from what the negotiator has learned about the other party’s reputation. For example, if I wanted to buy something for a shop owner for the first time, I will naturally exhibit skepticism in the shop owner and the quality of the goods. However, if I see a crowd at the shop with people snapping up the items, naturally, I would have the trust in the shop owner that the goods sold would be good. Here, we can see how the reputation of a person may easily create trust in us, towards the other party, even if we were to be meeting for the first time. In addition, many negotiations seek trust as the objective and continue to build trust throughout the negotiation process. In the example of the negotiation with a hostage taker, the negotiator and hostage-taker may have not trust between each other at the very start. However, along the way, trust is built when both sides seek to understand the concessions that they can make, in order to gain what they want. While these initial impressions may also change as a negotiation unfolds, they create a powerful frame for interpreting the other party behavior and also provide a heuristic for duding negotiators’ strategy choices (Lessons, Smith, 2012). As such, trust is important to keep a negotiation process going, and it is definitely an important factor to determine the relationship and outcome of the negotiation with the other party. As such, we cannot negotiate with people whom we do not trust. Earlier, contract binding was mentioned as a way where negotiation may occur even if there is no trust between two parties. Here, it is true that the two parties may have no personal trust in each other. However, according to Shapiro, even if there may be o personal trust, an institutional trust, also known as trust in a system, is what is present, leading to the creation of contract making (Shapiro et al. , 1992). With a trust in the legal enforcement system, it also creates a deterrence-based trust in order for a negotiation to proceed. Shapiro further added that this is a basic and ‘minimal condition’ of trust in all negotiations (Shapiro et al. , 1992). This depends on the consistency in behavior and the threat of punishment if they do not maintain their promises to a certain commitment, and violate the documented agreements. In edition, it also depends on the gains for adhering to the agreements, such as rewards. Thus, the mentioned forms of trust will still be present even if we may have no personal trust. According to (Licked, 2000), even the most complex and sophisticated formal contract cannot stipulate every detail or possible contingency about the deal. Therefore, having personal trust in the other party is still critical. Without personal trust, a negotiation would not occur. This essay aims to discuss whether it is possible to negotiate with people whom we do not trust. Trust in this case, refers to having a positive expectation of the other arty and allowing ourselves to be dependent and vulnerable to the other party. There may seem to be cases where we may not have personal trust in a person and yet will still be able to negotiate. However, as mentioned in the essay, it may seem that trust is not present, but we may have a different form of trust, an institutionalized trust and most definitely, a deterrence based trust to ensure that we do not fall victim to breaches in agreements. The essay may show that it requires trust to form only cooperative agreements. However, likewise in competitive negotiations, it can still occur as deterrence based trust will be present to ensure hat agreements are not breached. As mentioned in the essay, without trust, we will only focus on our own objectives and interests and thus, will not allow the other party to gain anything. As a result, the negotiation will only come to an impasse if agreements cannot be made. In addition, without trust, we will be suspicious and skeptical of the information that is shared with us. This causes us to develop paranoid conditions and result in a conflict instead of being able to negotiate. To conclude, it is certainly critical to have some form of trust in a negotiation. However, it s also good to have relative trust, rather than an absolute trust. Having a fair share of distrust will definitely help us draw caution to what concessions we make. Ultimately, we cannot negotiate with people we do not trust at all. Trust will enable both parties to reach a solution that is needed or accepted by both sides, when we are not able to achieve them on our own. How to cite Can negotiations occur without trust, Papers

ICT Ethical Dilemmas and Cyber Crime - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the ICT Ethical Dilemmas and Cyber Crime. Answer: Introduction This report depicts the crucial necessity of using different design thinking process tools and technologies, so that the identified issues could be minimized completely from the digital platform. For developing this particular project, at the very initial phase a problem has been identified. After the identification of the problem it is necessary to consider the potential competitors of the digital field. In order to minimize the identified issues it is very much necessary to apply proper design thinking tool and technologies. In case of ICT management and digital field, the biggest issue is the security. The identified problem After analyzing the information and communication technology trends it has been found that many security level issues and concerns are associated to it. ICT is referred to as a technology which is required for the processing if different information. Generally, ICT is the combination of use of the electronic computers, different software application, communication equipments needed to convert the retrieve, transmit and process. With the help of electronic system the information can be processed in a well manner including information transmission, capturing and conversion (Wang Lu, 2013). The communication system holds broadcasting, telecommunication and many other programs those help to distribute the system. The computer systems also include network engineering, robotics, electronics and technical support as well. In order to increase the security level of the ICT system the management must adopt proper design thinking approach. With the help of industry level security the informat ion processing will become much secured than the previous processes (Vaugh Ryan, 2015). There are different ways through which the ICT system can be affected such as virus, malware, worm, DOS etc. All of these security level threats affected the general information flow approach, In order to mitigate the issues it is very much necessary to dope proper design thinking approach (Suh et al., 2014). The ICT security level issues are as follows: Virus: Computer virus is a malware that propagates through making copy of it. As the copies inserted within the system it might corrupt all the preliminarily stored files and data as well. The computer virus is designed as an amusement or slight annoyance. However, the virus could play active roles only if the device gets started and if the devices are switched off then that time the virus cannot replicate itself (Ben-Asher Gonzalez, 2015). Virus could affect an entire system and security from the virus attack is not at all easy job. Virus has the ability to interrupt the generally data flow by simply destroying the back up as well as stored data those are stored in the data server. As the business is getting increased in according to that the number of data or information are also getting increased (Cavelty, 2014). As, management of those data are becoming much difficult thus data management techniques are inventing. In order to management those data properly it is necessary to ado pt proper data management technique or tools. Worm: Computer worms are referred to as the function that has be ability to replicate itself through copying the functionalities. The affect of the parent worm and its replicates are similar in nature. Once a file gets infected it becomes able to spread the same throughout. Social engineering is referred to as a process, through which a target system can transmit the harms (Kwon, Liu Hwang, 2013). With the vulnerability in the system takes different advantages of file transmission and information transport feature as well. Trojan: Trojan is another virus which is basically a segment of software that looks legitimate. It does not have the ability to make their replica and at the same time it cannot even infect other files also (Pan et al., 2017). With the user interaction the Trojan virus could make their replication. Again if the infected email or files are downloaded by the other users then that time the other users device can get infected in the similar way. The market competition of the technology Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is referred to as one of the latest technologies that are widely used by most of the medium to large business organizations. While analyzing the details of this advanced technology it has been found that all other technologies such as business intelligence, Big Data tool, and Information system are the biggest competitor to the system (Sommestad, Ekstedt Holm, 2013). It is easier for the data hackers to hijack data in ICT system rather than the other technologies. In order to minimize the issues associated to the security it is necessary to adopt proper design thinking tools and technologies. Further implementation of design thinking process tools and technologies used before the implementation of the launching Design thinking process is referred to as a system that combines three different overlapping spaces such as viability, feasibility and desirability. The time when three of these perspectives are identified the innovation will increase accordingly (Vaugh Ryan, 2015). With the help of the Design Thinking (DT) tool and technique, the interest of the business community will get increase. Different guidelines and Design Thinking (DT) tools are there those should be used by the managerial head for minimizing the invention level risks and issues associated to ICT system (Plattner et al., 2014). The design thinking tools are as follows: Virtualization: Virtualization is referred to as a process of visual as well virtual representation of new innovative thinking approaches to identify and execute the innovative thoughts. It is not just about the visualization but also the outline developed for the out of box thinking. With the help of this tool, the system developer will be able to design a completely out of box approach (Sou, Sandberg Johansson, 2013). This kind of advanced level thinking cannot be generated with any kind of training and development program. Proper matchup between the idea and design is little difficult but still it helps to develop an advanced model. Journey mapping: Journey mapping is similar to the experience mapping. In order to minimize the identified design or ICT level issues, it is necessary to develop a journey mapping considering the project initiation up to the project completion phase (Wang Lu, 2013). Most of the times, the consumers feel unable to articulate the objectives of the requirements those have been identified. Thus, in order to reduce the rate of error it is very much necessary to map the journey of the system developers. Value chain analysis: This is another important tool that might be used by the system developers to examine the way through which the business might interact with the value chain partners for production, marketing and new offers distributions (Vaugh Ryan, 2015). In order to create better vale for the consumers, value chain analysis model can be used by the management authority. On the other hand, the ability of the competitors (in this case hackers) intention can also be identified with the help of the value chain analysis. Mind mapping: With the help of mind mapping, different ideas like security identification, security analysis ad security development methodologies can be integrated together; The ICT system developer will be able to integrate all of these ideas properly, through the help of mind mapping (Howlett, 2014). In order to provide a key design criterion to the system developers, the mind maps are used for visualizing, structuring and classifying different creative brain formulations. Development of rapid concept: As technology is improving day by day thus according to the changing technologies the developers should consider every advanced ideas. In order to mitigate the security level issues associated to ICT management system it is necessary to consider all advanced security design approaches like encryption, firewall (Hahn et al., 2013). If proper application firewall is used then, none of the unauthorized user will be able to access data from ICT server. Assumption of testing: In order to attract new customers advanced business ideas and experimental resultants should be considered. After the identification of the information the accurate attractive idea should be figure out. Rapid prototyping: In order to abstract new ideas with tangible and potential ideas it is necessary to make rapid prototyping (Cavelty, 2014). Prototype is nothing but a blueprint of the system. Considering the changing requirements and feedback from the security developers the prototype should be developed iteratively. Co-creation with consumers: With the help of this particular tool the managers will be able to attract more number of consumers and also will be able to keep them engaged to the ICT system. Learning launches: With this design tool the key underlying value generating assumptions of possible growth initiatives can be implemented in the market (Sommestad, Ekstedt Holm, 2013). From previous learning and experiences the developers will be able to invent advanced learning approach. Storytelling: Rather than just identifying or focusing on the main issues a complete story is needed to be formulized accurately. With proper security level technologies the ICT issues can be minimized or even resoled completely. Launch plan The security services should be available to all the influencers Brief analysis of the ICT management system Big bang release should not be expected Release rolling Involvement with the business partners Elimination of the elements of launch those are not helpful for the security development Resource plan Understanding the current situation of ICT related issues Development of strategic objectives for ICT security development Developing line of action Long term plan In order to develop long term success plan it is necessary to adopt advanced cyber security programs that is integrated into the business process, production as well (Plattner et al., 2014. The particular aspects on which, the ICT security developers should concentrate on different success measures and elements as well. Recommendation Technical training and development: In order to identify and reduce the ICT issues proper training and development programs are needed to be arranged by the higher management authority. Encryption: In order to keep the data confidentiality encryption and decryption keys are needed to be adopted so that the unauthorized users could not access data from the server. Firewall: Application firewall is another security tool that should be used to maintain the information security. Time frame or schedule develop for mitigating the ICT managerial level issues Task Name Duration Start Finish Timeframe development 48 days Mon 9/18/17 Wed 11/22/17 Project initiation 19 days Mon 9/18/17 Thu 10/12/17 Detail understanding of ICT ethical dilemmas and cyber security 4 days Mon 9/18/17 Thu 9/21/17 Identification of ICT related risks 4 days Fri 9/22/17 Wed 9/27/17 Assessment of the risks 5 days Thu 9/28/17 Wed 10/4/17 Feasibility study 4 days Thu 10/5/17 Tue 10/10/17 risk management plan development 2 days Wed 10/11/17 Thu 10/12/17 Project planning 15 days Fri 10/13/17 Thu 11/2/17 Literature review on design thinking process ad tools 3 days Fri 10/13/17 Tue 10/17/17 Identification of 10 different tools 3 days Wed 10/18/17 Fri 10/20/17 Detail analysis of the tools 3 days Mon 10/23/17 Wed 10/25/17 Selection of the most suitable tool 3 days Thu 10/26/17 Mon 10/30/17 Relate those tools to ICT security 3 days Tue 10/31/17 Thu 11/2/17 Project execution 8 days Fri 11/3/17 Tue 11/14/17 Identification market competitors 2 days Fri 11/3/17 Mon 11/6/17 Launch plan 2 days Tue 11/7/17 Wed 11/8/17 Resource plan 2 days Thu 11/9/17 Fri 11/10/17 Long term plan 2 days Mon 11/13/17 Tue 11/14/17 project closure 6 days Wed 11/15/17 Wed 11/22/17 Post project evaluation 2 days Wed 11/15/17 Thu 11/16/17 stakeholder signoff 2 days Fri 11/17/17 Mon 11/20/17 final project documentation 2 days Tue 11/21/17 Wed 11/22/17 Figure 1: Timeframe for the Design thinking process (Source: created by author) Conclusion From the overall discussion it can be concluded that in order to minimize the rate security level issues, at the initial phase it is very much necessary to identify the issued and after the identification of the issue that should be analyzed by the system developers and after the detail analysis, standard of computer ethics should be considered. It has been found that, for the nominated business the security is not appropriate. Thus proper tools and technologies are required to be utilized by the management authority. Based on the type of the issue, proper tool ought to be used. In order to turn creativity and data into appreciable growth it is very much necessary to use proper design thinking tool. Those are implemented and discussed in this paper. References Ben-Asher, N., Gonzalez, C. (2015). Effects of cyber security knowledge on attack detection.Computers in Human Behavior,48, 51-61. Cavelty, M. D. (2014). Breaking the cyber-security dilemma: Aligning security needs and removing vulnerabilities.Science and Engineering Ethics,20(3), 701-715. Hahn, A., Ashok, A., Sridhar, S., Govindarasu, M. (2013). Cyber-physical security testbeds: Architecture, application, and evaluation for smart grid.IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,4(2), 847-855. Howlett, M. (2014). From the oldto the newpolicy design: design thinking beyond markets and collaborative governance.Policy Sciences,47(3), 187-207. Kwon, C., Liu, W., Hwang, I. (2013, June). Security analysis for cyber-physical systems against stealthy deception attacks. InAmerican Control Conference (ACC), 2013(pp. 3344-3349). IEEE. Leifer, L. J., Steinert, M. (2014). Dancing with ambiguity: Causality behavior, design thinking, and triple-loop-learning. InManagement of the Fuzzy front end of innovation(pp. 141-158). Springer International Publishing. Leifer, L. J., Steinert, M. (2014). Dancing with ambiguity: Causality behavior, design thinking, and triple-loop-learning. InManagement of the Fuzzy front end of innovation(pp. 141-158). Springer International Publishing. Liedtka, J. (2015). Perspective: Linking design thinking with innovation outcomes through cognitive bias reduction.Journal of Product Innovation Management,32(6), 925-938. Pan, K., Teixeira, A., Lpez, C., Palensky, P. (2017). Co-simulation for Cyber Security Analysis: Data Attacks against Energy Management System.arXiv preprint arXiv:1708.08322. Plattner, H., Meinel, C., Leifer, L. (Eds.). (2014).Design Thinking Research: Building Innovators. Springer. Sommestad, T., Ekstedt, M., Holm, H. (2013). The cyber security modeling language: A tool for assessing the vulnerability of enterprise system architectures.IEEE Systems Journal,7(3), 363-373. Sou, K. C., Sandberg, H., Johansson, K. H. (2013). On the exact solution to a smart grid cyber-security analysis problem.IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,4(2), 856-865. Suh, J., Peixoto, N., Seshaiyer, P., Lee, K. H., Suh, D., Jung, Y. (2014, June). Using Design Thinking Tools to Promote Innovation in Engineering Students. InInternational Conference on Engineering Education (ICEE 2014), Riga, Latvia. Vaugh, T., Ryan, M. (2015). Getting the right design or getting the design right: an observation of 18 industry projects progressing through a structured design thinking process. Von Solms, R., Van Niekerk, J. (2013). From information security to cyber security.computers security,38, 97-102. Wang, W., Lu, Z. (2013). Cyber security in the Smart Grid: Survey and challenges.Computer Networks,57(5), 1344-1371.

American Literature- Romantic Period 1820-1865 Flashcard

American Literature- Romantic Period 1820-1865

A Sample Essay Question on the Civil War

A Sample Essay Question on the Civil WarIs there a sample essay question on the Civil War? I know that I have looked in many books on this subject, but I've never found a good answer to this question.Maybe it's because of what I'm looking for. This is the first one that I've ever written, and it's about as far as I can go in learning about the Civil War. Maybe that's why I haven't found a good answer to this question.So, just to be sure, I got out my copy of History Today, the popular history magazine, and did a little research on the Civil War. Here's what I found out:Even though there are a lot of sources, many of them do not mention the Civil War at all. So, I guess the only thing that I've learned so far about the Civil War is that the Civil War was fought between the United States and the southern states, which were run by the Southern states and their 'leaders'.If you're trying to learn something about the Civil War, you can't skip to the South. So, in order to learn more about the Civil War, you need to learn about its main points.And that's where this essay on the Civil War comes in. It will give you an idea of how it all went down.I know that most people who do research on the Civil War will tell you that the best source that you should check out is the newspaper. But, you don't want to get too much of that on your essay, because then it would just become a recap of what you already knew. So, do a little research about the Civil War, but also use a sample essay question on the Civil War.

Discussing The Chrysalis 3 Tier Community Service Social Work Essay Essay Example

Discussing The Chrysalis 3 Tier Community Service Social Work Essay Essay Example Discussing The Chrysalis 3 Tier Community Service Social Work Essay Paper Discussing The Chrysalis 3 Tier Community Service Social Work Essay Paper Scientifically talking, chrysalis is the phase of a moth or butterfly, when enclosed in a steadfast instance or cocoon. This is a protected phase of development. The bureau I was placed in for 10 hebdomads is besides called Chrysalis because they offer support through an mediate phase of development for their clients. A A Chrysalis offers hope, protection, encouragement and support for their clients in any phase of development. My placement study will supply a description of the arrangement bureau and its context ; discuss the bureau ethos which is strongly based on the significance of chrysalis ; analyze their client group ; and sketch my observations of the prevailing theoretical accounts of intervention used by Chrysalis. My placement study besides aims to supply a brief overview of my responsibilities ; show a instance survey ; show how I integrated academic theory into my instance survey ; and detail my personal and professional development. Chrysalis is a Tier 3 Specialist Community Service which offers structured interventions for drug users and household members life or working in Dublin 7 ( Weaver et al, 2010: 54 ) . Chrysalis is funded by the North Inner City Drug Task Force ; it is governed by a Voluntary Management Committee ; and it is a Company Limited by Guarantee with charitable position. Chrysalis has served the Dublin 7 community for over 10 old ages and it is located on Manor Street in Stoneybatter. Chrysalis utilises the tools of the Progression Routes Initiative which seeks to better service bringing to those go toing drugs services. It works with multiple bureaus to explicate and implement strategic interagency solutions to place barriers to patterned advance. An of import platform for this work is the development and execution of the Interagency Case Management and Community Detox Protocols ; in partnership with the Homeless Agency ( Chrysalis website ) . Progression Routes intends to develop case-management to guarantee that service users receive a systematically high quality service that supports their journey through a clear and accessible continuum. These protocols are presently being piloted with some drugs services in the North and South Inner City Drug Task Force Areas and Homeless services across Dublin. Others have progressed from flying to execution and Chrysalis has done so for the past 4 old ages. Progression Routes promotes QuADS ( Quality Standards in Alcohol and Drugs Services ) which is a steering quality criterion model for Community and Voluntary services in the Drug and Homeless Sectors. The Agency Ethos Chrysalis reflects the values and purposes of the Progression Routes Initiative in their proviso of community based specialized drug appraisal and coordinated care-planned intervention intercessions. Their vision provinces that Chrysalis plants in concurrence with the HSE, Community GP s and other community services and is supported by the North Inner City Drug Task Force ( Chrysalis Information Leaflet Responding to the Needs of the Community ) . Their ethos provinces that Chrysalis believes socio-economic fortunes are a major causal factor in relation to drug issues within the community , they acknowledge the community s demand, and back up its attempts to develop positive responses to drug issues and seek at all times to work in a supportive, non-judgemental and suitably confidential mode ( Ibid ) . This ethos ensures that each client is treated in a gracious, thoughtful and individualized mode instead than using a one-fits-all attack. This entails that all clients receive support within a safe and protected environment to let them to develop. It remains true to the definition of chrysalis . The Client Group Chrysalis provides referral based client services which are categorised as Core Community Drug Work, Counselling/Family Therapy service and Chrysalis Female Sex Worker Initiative services. The chief community undertaking provides services influenced by the Progression Routes Initiative such as key-working, Case Management and Community Detox Support. All services are influenced by Harm Reduction doctrine such as Crisis Intervention, Brief Intervention, Advocacy, Referral to specialised services ( medical, lodging, legal and dependence services ) , Motivational Interviewing, Harm Reduction Information and Holistic Treatments such as Reiki. For stable drug users and any household members affected by drug usage, there are Reding and Family Therapy services. The Chrysalis Female Sex Workers Initiative provides services to a more helter-skelter and lower threshold client group than the typical client treated within Core Community and Counselling/Family Therapy services. In add-on, the Chrysalis Female Sex Workers Initiative offers specific needs based injury decrease services including Outreach, Health Promotion and Materials ( rubbers, dental dike, lubricator, personal dismaies etc ) , Street Safety Advice, A Crime Reporting Scheme called Ugly Mugs , a really exciting new Mobile Health Clinic and a new Women s Pre-Entry Group. The Women s Group, in partnership with Coolmine, is unfastened to all adult females and is non sole to sex workers. The Predominant Models of Treatment The prevailing intervention theoretical accounts that Chrysalis utilise promote run intoing the client where they are, commitment to behaviour alteration and non seeing relapse as a failure instead it is a natural phase of recovery. I will briefly summarize the different theoretical accounts I observed and so show my usage of them in my instance survey. Harm Reduction ( HR ) HR benefits drug users, their households and the community. The ethos and aims/objectives of Chrysalis are clearly influenced by the HR theoretical account of intervention. It is offered across all their services. The International Harm Reduction Association ( IHRA ) states that HR refers to policies, programmes and patterns that aim chiefly to: reduce the inauspicious wellness, societal and economic effects of the usage of legal and illegal psychotropic drugs without needfully cut downing drug ingestion ( HRA website ) . Motivational Interviewing ( MI ) One of the cardinal factors with MI is covering with ambivalency, the ambivalent desire to transport out one action while pulled by the desire to transport out an opposing action. There are five principals for MI: express empathy ; develop disagreement ; axial rotation with opposition ; back up self-efficacy ; and avoid debate ( Miller A ; Rollnick, 2002 ) . The chief ends of MI are to set up resonance, elicit alteration talk, and set up committedness linguistic communication from the client ( Ibid ) . Humanistic Theory MI is a manner of being with a client, non merely a set of techniques for making reding. MI builds on Carl Rogers humanistic theories about people s capablenesss for exerting free pick and altering through a procedure of self-actualization i.e. carry through their full potency and they must first experience credence from their key-worker or instance director. In order to ease growing a lovingness clime is indispensable, one that requires the key-worker or instance director to be congruous, have unconditioned positive respect for the client every bit good as show empathetic apprehension ( Rogers, 1980: 115-116 ) . Transtheoretical Model ( TTM ) or Stages-of-Change Model HR schemes are based on a common premise: Peoples are finally capable of doing an informed pick in their ain best involvement. The picks they make depend on their preparedness to alter. The TTM was foremost proposed by Prochaska and DiClemente in 1986. Harmonizing to them, there are six phases of alteration: precontemplation, contemplation, readying, action, care, and backsliding. Patients can be conceptualized as traveling along a continuum marked by these phases. It is of import to observe that the alteration procedure is cyclical, and persons typically move back and Forth between the phases and rhythm at different rates ( Wanigaratne, 2006 ) . Case Management Protocol this includes run intoing the demands for psychiatric or physical intervention, household and societal relationships, basic endurance demands, safe adjustment, employment, leisure, cultural and religious demands ( 2001: 732 ) .This was non covered on the academic course of study in the Michaelmas Term or Hilary Term at Trinity College, Dublin. However, it could be considered an extension of the Harm Reduction doctrine and the Strengths position that Chrysalis draws on. Rosen A ; Teesson describe case-management as a united system of all services required by the client and: Case-management encourages and sustains ongoing contact with staff in bureaus while at the same clip puting the client at the Centre of their ain intervention and attention. The case-management inaugural aids clients to entree intervention and services that they had antecedently encountered barriers to. Weaver et Al. in MacGregor advise that these barriers included a deficiency of information and ineligibility for support ; long waiting lists ; a disfavor of assignments and bureaucratism ; shame and stigma ; travel ; fright and negative experiences of anterior intervention ( 2010: 89-93 ) . It ensures that no client falls through the clefts and it is influenced by the Biopsychosocial Model. Biopsychosocial Model Zinberg summarised the premiss behind the Biopsychosocial Model devised by Engel ( 1977 ) which offers both a model for understanding dependence and a model for making a tract to recovery. It highlights the emotional jobs of the client and besides brings attending to the relationships with environing. Zinberg ( 1984 ) referred to it as Drug, Set and Setting . Marlatt A ; Gordon ( 1985 ) use the backsliding procedure as ground to back up the demand of the Biopsychosocial Model ( Lecture, Kevin Ducray, October 2010 ) . Ducray asserts that the theoretical account is understood as a theoretical account of the best patterns , because it proposes the most appropriate set of intercession programmes and services to run into the client s demands. Case-management is surely influenced by the Biopsychosocial, Harm Reduction and Strengths Models in supplying motivational, integrated and individualised services to the client. Overview of My Duties Initially, I was provided with a transcript of Chrysalis policies to read, which are connected to the streamlined policies of the Progression Routes Initiative. After detecting an appraisal, I felt comfy plenty to carry on my ain comprehensive appraisals. After measuring a client, I identified their specific demands or barriers to come on. I presented their instance at Weekly Staff meetings and I made recommendations based on the client s degree of motive to alter and the type of service they required. As a key-worker my undertakings included prosecuting with the client ; guaranting consent ; finishing a elaborate holistic appraisal and developing a attention program ; recommending on behalf of the client ; working to carry through attention program actions ; prosecuting and sharing information with other bureaus as required ; maintaining relevant instance notes/records ; and guaranting that client aims should be expressed as SMART ( specific, mensurable, accomplishable, relevant and clip edge ) and be on a regular basis reviewed for advancement ( Doyle, 2010: 11 ) . Other general responsibilities included replying the phone and taking messages, go toing hebdomadal staff meetings and biweekly client debrief meetings, developing the Women s Pre-Entry Group with Coolmine and the Chrysalis Client Satisfaction Survey. I will detail my undertakings further in the Professional Development subdivision. Case Study Michael I presented Michael s instance to the hebdomadal staff meeting and I was assigned as his key-worker. I called him to set up our first key-working session. I considered Michael to be at the preparation phase of the Transtheoretical Model. I believe he had moved from the action phase by detoxing from diacetylmorphine and benzodiazepines in the infinite of a twelvemonth back to the contemplation phase and forward to his current phase of preparation to be after for dolophine hydrochloride detox. He had already started to do little alterations towards this by cut downing his dose with his physician before relapsing by exceeding up.Michael was referred to Chrysalis by Soilse and I arranged a reciprocally convenient clip for an appraisal. In his appraisal, Michael outlined that he needed aid to use to the Lantern to detox from dolophine hydrochloride as he had started to cut down his dolophine hydrochloride with the aid of his physician. He had been addicted to heroin and benzodiazepin es but detoxed from benzodiazepines and was now maintained on 70mls of dolophine hydrochloride. He besides required aid with using to RAS ( Rental Accommodation Scheme ) as he had lived in private rented adjustment for 16 months and after 18 months he would be eligible for this strategy. Michael advised that he had programs to go to DCU and analyze Physics and Astronomy. He appeared to be extremely motivated and self-conscious as he realised his intended programs to detox would take precedence for the following twelvemonth and pave the manner for his surveies the undermentioned twelvemonth. He besides displayed committedness by go toing all of his key-working Sessionss and he was normally 15 proceedingss early! This preparation phase is characterised by the client jumping into alteration excessively rapidly, driven by anxiousness and exhilaration. Michael decidedly exhibited marks of both of these as he stated that he besides wished to give up coffin nails! I gently reminded him of everything he had detoxed from in the past twelvemonth and asked him what his short-run end and long-run end was. He advised his short-run end was to cut down dolophine hydrochloride to 50mls to be eligible for the Lantern and so detox from dolophine hydrochloride. His long-run end was to be methadone free, in RAS adjustment and enrolled in university. His desire to give up coffin nails was rapidly forgotten, as he realised it could do him to get worse by making excessively much at one clip. He decided to concentrate on the first measure of cut downing dolophine hydrochloride to use to the Lantern. Michael so admitted to me that he had non been wholly honorable when he told that he had reduced his dolophine hydrochloride. Yes, he had reduced ; nevertheless he had been exceeding up with street dolophine hydrochloride, and now he did non experience ready to use to the Lantern. I intentionally did non notice on the fact that he had non been wholly honorable, and focused on the fact that he trusted me adequate to confide in. Now we could fix a attention program that would non travel excessively rapidly for him and we could park the Lantern option. I recommended that Michael besides rede his physician that he had been exceeding up, so that the physician could help him in returning to 100mls and avoid topping up and so cut down in the hereafter at Michael s gait. Michael was relieved to hold confided in me and thanked me for being nonjudgmental, for understanding his state of affairs and for listening. When I wrote a screen missive for Michael s RAS application, he requested that I noted that he did non wish to be housed in Finglas. Michael s petition was due to negative association with his old diacetylmorphine usage there ( Drug ) , the possible triggers for backsliding if he was housed at that place ( Set ) in Finglas ( Puting ) which draws on the Biopsychosocial Model and Zinberg s sum-up of this.I discussed other options such as the Community Detox Support Protocol and Coolmine Stabilisation programme. I asked Michael to hold a non-committed think about them during the hebdomad and I reminded him to concentrate on his short-run end of keeping his dolophine hydrochloride at 100mls with his physician. I affirmed that the end of subjecting his RAS application was completed which was a positive measure towards the hereafter. I pointed out that he had been homeless for 4 old ages while addicted to drugs ; but now he had been settled in private adjustment for 16 months and was on do lophine hydrochloride care with programs to travel to university. His present state of affairs was the consequence of difficult work and immense motive to alter on Michael s portion and he should be proud of himself as this was a monolithic accomplishment. Michael appeared to be happy to be reminded of this and stated yeah, I suppose it is one measure at a clip, and I ll acquire at that place . At his following key-working assignment I explored with Michael his apprehension of detox and its deductions and what support systems he had in topographic point. I went through the Community Detox Support protocols with Michael and advised of the hazards and his duties. By the terminal of the session he had a good apprehension that detox was a slow procedure that did non go on in isolation and that follow up and aftercare were all portion of the on-going procedure. Based on this, Michael is now committed to get worse bar to help him in bracing en path to his end of detoxing. I advised I would confer with the squad at the following staff meeting to measure which staff member would be the best tantrum to supply him with backsliding bar guidance. Michael besides advised that he was holding jobs with paying a measure and I said I would recommend on his behalf and supply his inside informations to St Vincent de Paul so they could set up a house visit and supply nutrient verifiers. By non holding to worry about arrears, get the better ofing this barrier would help him in concentrating on his recovery. I believe and hope that little stairss and consistent support will authorise Michael to make the action and maintence phases and accomplish his long-run ends of detoxing from dolophine hydrochloride, settling into RAS adjustment and analyzing in DCU. I wish him all the best.At the terminal of my arrangement Michael was having aid as per the Biopsychosocial Model and rules of case-management. He was go toing Relapse Prevention guidance, St Vincent de Paul had contacted him in relation to nutrient verifiers, his RAS application was submitted and he was committed to keeping his dolophine hydrochloride with the aid of his physician. In his RAS application signifier he advised he wished to use for the Scheme because I live beside drug traders and I am a recovering nut. I want to construct a better hereafter for myself and be drug free, and I have programs to analyze in DCU . I recognised Michael s place within the Transtheoretical Model and I applied the principals of Motivational Interviewing and Humanistic Theory to my attack. I observed Harm Reduction in action which asserts that slow, incremental alteration is more permanent, and more accomplishable than seeking to alter everything all at one time. Through key-working, I utilised the principal of case-management and the Biopsychosocial Model and addressed lodging, fiscal every bit good as medical demands. I used the same principals on my other clients who seemed to react good to this attack. I discovered the truth behind the slogan manners affair . If word count allowed, I would besides offer a instance survey of the group dynamic within the Women s Pre-Entry Group. Personal Development The squad I was placed with are antic. I ever felt a portion of the squad, and that my parts were valued. I recognition this both to my avidity to take on anything they threw at me, and their inclusiveness and supportiveness. This arrangement has enabled me to reflect on co-dependency. Gerald May noted that within co-dependency ironically, it is the most sympathetic, compassionate, loving individuals in the nut s societal circle that are most likely to fall into such collusion ( 1988: 51 ) . The ground I made the determination to alter callings from insurance to dependence was based entirely as a consequence of the personal experience life with my spouse who was dependent on intoxicant. Through theory, I learnt that the properties of compassion, love and continued hope would hold me to be co-dependent and be viewed negatively within the Disease Model. From my arrangement, I discovered that if they are used within boundaries, these qualities are a positive for working within harm decrease and they enable me to expose Humanistic qualities and Motivational Interviewing principals towards clients. I discovered it is healthy to trust for the clients and to swear in their interior strengths, resiliency and self-efficacy. It is non my function to fix clients. Within the dependence intervention industry, I will be invariably challenged to incorporate emotions and carry uncertainnesss, whilst keeping a positive attitude and a solution-focused attack. My challenge is to interpret theory into practical, effectual and authorising solutions for my clients. Sometimes I found it hard to be patient and listen to the clients because I allowed myself to believe further in front than the client ( in a manner I allowed myself to read their heads ) . I realised that there was a hazard of seting words in the client s oral cavity or completing their sentences. I needed to larn to exert a batch of control and subject over that and actively listen at the client s gait instead than at my ain. On contemplation, I could impute this to over-excitement and nervousness or at worst to my ain fright of neglecting in the chase of my ain self-interested desire for a perfect key-working session. Upon deeper contemplation, I was trying to cover up my deficiency of assurance in a new state of affairs by moving like I knew it all. I may besides be excessively critical of myself, as I did non really interrupt any of the clients ( I was merely afraid of making so! ) and I received positive feedback from my clients. Michael stated You re merely superb thanks so much! and Daniel told me you hold a great bosom for this industry! and presented me with a pot works. I thanked him and I advised him that while I could non accept personal gifts, I could accept it on behalf of the squad, which satisfies policy guidelines. The feedback from the clients indicated that they felt they had received empathic hearing, support and authorization through their ain self-efficacy. I discovered that I do non hold the power to authorise others, but alternatively, I can assist people empower themselves. I have observed and utilised the prevailing theoretical accounts of intervention within Chrysalis, and I will endeavor to spread out on these accomplishments throughout my calling. I learnt a great trade about myself on this arrangement. The journey taught me about my personal resiliency, my ability to work under force per unit area and my ability to take control of complex state of affairss. I was besides able to derive a far greater insight and cognition of how to advocate people in many-sided state of affairss including protagonism, crisis state of affairss, injury and a figure of other extremely nerve-racking state of affairss. It taught me about the importance of supervising and self-care to avoid burn out something which seems to be really prevailing within the dependence field. I appreciated the degree of supervising provided to me. All of the lasting staff were systematically available to me despite their busy agendas and my supervisor conducted regular supervising Sessionss with me. They provided positive relationships for illustration playing as function theoretical accounts, exhibited a common communicating manner, general support and deputation of duty. They were generous with supplying their expert cognition and they provided instrumental consistent support throughout my 10 hebdomad arrangement. Professional Development I was asked by my supervisor to develop a Chrysalis Client Satisfaction Survey ( CCSS ) by telephone of all 2010 clients. Some clients nomadic Numberss were unapproachable. Of these, some were current clients and we were able to carry on the study face to face after their key-working or guidance session. 60 % of all clients were approachable, and of those, merely 1 % refused to take part. It was a fantastic chance to originate a closed inquiry study, create and implement the questionnaire ( Appendix A ) and set up an online system to collate the information and generate studies ( Appendix B ) . Current clients were besides offered an chance to fall in a Users Forum to do recommendations to better the services provided by Chrysalis and to guarantee that they have a voice. The Chrysalis Board of Management was delighted with the consequences of this undertaking. I attended a direction meeting to get down a new Women s Pre-Entry Group in partnership with Coolmine. This is focused on end puting with optional patterned advance to Coolmine, or the client s chosen bureau. I was the designated minute taker, and during the meeting I was given the duty of certain undertakings by a due day of the month. These undertakings included making a Flyer ( Appendix C ) ; making an Attendance and Evaluation Sheet ( Appendix D ) ; making a referral Form ( Appendix E ) ; and making a Certificate of Attendance ( Appendix F ) . My work was favorably received by both Chrysalis and Coolmine. I have non included my Meeting Minutes as an Appendix as this would go against confidentiality. I co-facilitated one Women s Group session as an observant pupil. This was a superb chance to see the group dynamic, detect the motivational manner of facilitation, and see how clients at different stages of alteration or motive affected the group dynamic. I participated in a figure of Outreach displacements for sex workers which can be described as frontline, low threshold work typifying harm decrease principals. The purpose is to set up contact with marginalised groups in their environment and supply them with appropriate support such as safer sex stuffs and harm decrease information, and contact inside informations to set up an assignment. My supervisor outlined an assignment for me to measure the Mobile Health Clinic and find if it is feasible undertaking. Unfortunately, due to its mechanical jobs, I was unable to finish this study. However, I believe it has the possible to supply an priceless injury decrease service to sex-workers in their ain environment. It will supply an advanced service in Dublin offering a free GP service on a to the full equipped vehicle with entree to local pharmaceuticss for free prescriptions. It will besides supply a waiting room with a lavatory, a GP consulting room, a confidential one-to-one Outreach room, tea and java devising installations and a Needle Exchange Service. I attended interagency case-management meetings as an perceiver ; I visited bureaus to advance the Mobile Health Clinic and Women s Group ; and I was an built-in portion of Staff Meetings and Client Debrief Meetings. The latter was a comfy supportive environment for common aid between staff. I besides completed HRB signifiers for my key-working clients and assisted the counselors with their signifiers if they were inexperienced with these. I developed the accomplishment of composing concise instance notes and the art of fixing for the following key-working session. On a hebdomadal footing I visited Alcohol and Drug Agencies in Dublin to detect their ethos, locations and do contacts ( e.g. Ana Liffey, Saol and Merchant s Quay ) . This enabled me to rede my clients better if I had to mention them to another bureau. I attended a Traveller Conference at Pavee Point, received two yearss of Needle Exchange preparation and one twenty-four hours of Progression Routes preparation. The arrangement experience is a give and take state of affairs. The bureau takes off the parts I made to their work, and I take off the benefits of personal and professional development as outlined in this study. I became familiar with Case Management Protocols and interlinked those with theoretical accounts and theory from university ; developed key-working accomplishments ; made interagency contacts through networking and protagonism ; discovered professional function theoretical accounts ; and gained assurance through supportive staff and feedback from clients. My Learning Aims at the start of my arrangement were exceeded by the acquisition chances provided by Chrysalis ( Appendix G ) . Decision I would be delighted to return as a voluntary and resume appraisals and key-working. I would besides be really interested in co-facilitating a new Partner Support Group. I believe there would be a immense demand for this service ; peculiarly one that draws upon the Strengths Perspective. I exhaustively enjoyed my clip at Chrysalis, and my lone sorrow is that it was so short. I would wish to thank all the staff at Chrysalis for welcoming me so wholeheartedly, for including me in the Chrysalis squad and for liberally sharing a wealth of cognition.

Definition and Examples of Euro-English

Definition and Examples of Euro-English Euro-English is an emerging variety of the English language used by speakers in the European Union whose mother tongue is not English. Gnutzmann et al. point out that it is not clear, as yet, whether English in Europe will in the foreseeable future become a language in its own right, one that is owned by its multilingual speakers, or whether the orientation towards native-speaker language norms will continue to persist (Communicating Across Europe in  Attitudes Towards English in Europe, 2015). Observations Two foreign girlsnannies? tourists?one German, one Belgian (?), talking in English beside me on the next table, unconcerned by my drinking and my proximity. . . . These girls are the new internationalists, roving the world, speaking good but accented English to each other, a kind of flawless Euro-English: I am very bad with separation, the German girl says as she stands up to leave. No true English speaker would express the idea in this way, but it is perfectly comprehensible. (William Boyd, Notebook No. 9. The Guardian, July 17, 2004)   The Forces Shaping Euro-English [T]he evidence is accumulating that a Euro-English is growing. It is being shaped by two forces, one top-down and the other bottom-up.The top-down force comes from the rules and regulations of the European Union. There is an influential English Style Guide issued by the European Commission. This makes recommendations about how English should be written in official documents from the member states. On the whole it follows standard British English usage, but in cases where British English has alternatives, it makes decisionssuch as recommending the spelling judgment, not judgement...More important than these top-down linguistic pressures, I suspect, are the bottom-up trends which can be heard around Europe these days. Ordinary Europeans who have to use English to each other every day are voting with their mouths and developing their own preferences. . . . In sociolinguistics, the technical term for this interaction is accommodation. People who get on with each other find that their acc ents move closer together. They accommodate to each other...I dont think Euro-English exists yet, as a variety comparable to American English or Indian English or Singlish. But the seeds are there. It will take time. The new Europe is still an infant, linguistically. (David Crystal, By Hook or by Crook: A Journey in Search of English. Overlook, 2008) Characteristics of Euro-English [I]n  2012 a report found that 38% of the EU’s citizens speak [English] as a foreign language. Nearly all of those working at EU institutions in Brussels do. What would happen to English without the English? A sort of Euro-English, influenced by foreign languages, is already in use. Many Europeans use control to mean monitor because  contrà ´ler  has that meaning in French. The same goes for assist, meaning to attend (assister  in French,  asistir  in Spanish). In other cases, Euro-English is just a naive but incorrect extension of English grammatical rules: many nouns in English that don’t properly pluralise with a final s are merrily used in Euro-English, such as informations and competences. Euro-English also uses words like actor, axis or agent well beyond their narrow range in native English...It could be that whatever native-speakers might consider correct, Euro-English, second language or no, is becoming a dialect fluently spoken by a large group of people who understand each other perfectly well. Such is the case of English in India or South Africa, where a small group of native speakers is dwarfed by a far larger number of second-language speakers. One effect m ay be that this dialect would lose some of the tricky bits of English, such as the future perfect progressive (We will have been working) that aren’t strictly necessary. (Johnson, English Becomes Esperanto. The Economist, April 23, 2016) Euro-English as a Lingua Franca - Tramp . . . could be the first English-language glossy magazine aimed at people who speak Euro-English as a second language. (Social Vacuum. The Sunday Times, April 22, 2007)- In the case of English in Europe, there seems little doubt that it will continue to increase its position as the dominant lingua franca. Whether this will result in varieties of European Englishes, or in a single variety of Euro-English being used as a lingua franca can only be determined by further research. The extent to which it is stifling (Gà ¶rlach, 2002:1) other European languages by steadily encroaching on more and more domains also needs to be researched, as do European attitudes toward English, especially the attitudes of the young. (Andy Kirkpatrick, World Englishes: Implications for International Communication and English Language Teaching. Cambridge University Press, 2007) Further Reading AmericanizationDenglish (Denglisch)Global EnglishGlobishNotes on English as a Global LanguageWorld English