Discussing The Chrysalis 3 Tier Community Service Social Work Essay Essay Example

Discussing The Chrysalis 3 Tier Community Service Social Work Essay Essay Example Discussing The Chrysalis 3 Tier Community Service Social Work Essay Paper Discussing The Chrysalis 3 Tier Community Service Social Work Essay Paper Scientifically talking, chrysalis is the phase of a moth or butterfly, when enclosed in a steadfast instance or cocoon. This is a protected phase of development. The bureau I was placed in for 10 hebdomads is besides called Chrysalis because they offer support through an mediate phase of development for their clients. A A Chrysalis offers hope, protection, encouragement and support for their clients in any phase of development. My placement study will supply a description of the arrangement bureau and its context ; discuss the bureau ethos which is strongly based on the significance of chrysalis ; analyze their client group ; and sketch my observations of the prevailing theoretical accounts of intervention used by Chrysalis. My placement study besides aims to supply a brief overview of my responsibilities ; show a instance survey ; show how I integrated academic theory into my instance survey ; and detail my personal and professional development. Chrysalis is a Tier 3 Specialist Community Service which offers structured interventions for drug users and household members life or working in Dublin 7 ( Weaver et al, 2010: 54 ) . Chrysalis is funded by the North Inner City Drug Task Force ; it is governed by a Voluntary Management Committee ; and it is a Company Limited by Guarantee with charitable position. Chrysalis has served the Dublin 7 community for over 10 old ages and it is located on Manor Street in Stoneybatter. Chrysalis utilises the tools of the Progression Routes Initiative which seeks to better service bringing to those go toing drugs services. It works with multiple bureaus to explicate and implement strategic interagency solutions to place barriers to patterned advance. An of import platform for this work is the development and execution of the Interagency Case Management and Community Detox Protocols ; in partnership with the Homeless Agency ( Chrysalis website ) . Progression Routes intends to develop case-management to guarantee that service users receive a systematically high quality service that supports their journey through a clear and accessible continuum. These protocols are presently being piloted with some drugs services in the North and South Inner City Drug Task Force Areas and Homeless services across Dublin. Others have progressed from flying to execution and Chrysalis has done so for the past 4 old ages. Progression Routes promotes QuADS ( Quality Standards in Alcohol and Drugs Services ) which is a steering quality criterion model for Community and Voluntary services in the Drug and Homeless Sectors. The Agency Ethos Chrysalis reflects the values and purposes of the Progression Routes Initiative in their proviso of community based specialized drug appraisal and coordinated care-planned intervention intercessions. Their vision provinces that Chrysalis plants in concurrence with the HSE, Community GP s and other community services and is supported by the North Inner City Drug Task Force ( Chrysalis Information Leaflet Responding to the Needs of the Community ) . Their ethos provinces that Chrysalis believes socio-economic fortunes are a major causal factor in relation to drug issues within the community , they acknowledge the community s demand, and back up its attempts to develop positive responses to drug issues and seek at all times to work in a supportive, non-judgemental and suitably confidential mode ( Ibid ) . This ethos ensures that each client is treated in a gracious, thoughtful and individualized mode instead than using a one-fits-all attack. This entails that all clients receive support within a safe and protected environment to let them to develop. It remains true to the definition of chrysalis . The Client Group Chrysalis provides referral based client services which are categorised as Core Community Drug Work, Counselling/Family Therapy service and Chrysalis Female Sex Worker Initiative services. The chief community undertaking provides services influenced by the Progression Routes Initiative such as key-working, Case Management and Community Detox Support. All services are influenced by Harm Reduction doctrine such as Crisis Intervention, Brief Intervention, Advocacy, Referral to specialised services ( medical, lodging, legal and dependence services ) , Motivational Interviewing, Harm Reduction Information and Holistic Treatments such as Reiki. For stable drug users and any household members affected by drug usage, there are Reding and Family Therapy services. The Chrysalis Female Sex Workers Initiative provides services to a more helter-skelter and lower threshold client group than the typical client treated within Core Community and Counselling/Family Therapy services. In add-on, the Chrysalis Female Sex Workers Initiative offers specific needs based injury decrease services including Outreach, Health Promotion and Materials ( rubbers, dental dike, lubricator, personal dismaies etc ) , Street Safety Advice, A Crime Reporting Scheme called Ugly Mugs , a really exciting new Mobile Health Clinic and a new Women s Pre-Entry Group. The Women s Group, in partnership with Coolmine, is unfastened to all adult females and is non sole to sex workers. The Predominant Models of Treatment The prevailing intervention theoretical accounts that Chrysalis utilise promote run intoing the client where they are, commitment to behaviour alteration and non seeing relapse as a failure instead it is a natural phase of recovery. I will briefly summarize the different theoretical accounts I observed and so show my usage of them in my instance survey. Harm Reduction ( HR ) HR benefits drug users, their households and the community. The ethos and aims/objectives of Chrysalis are clearly influenced by the HR theoretical account of intervention. It is offered across all their services. The International Harm Reduction Association ( IHRA ) states that HR refers to policies, programmes and patterns that aim chiefly to: reduce the inauspicious wellness, societal and economic effects of the usage of legal and illegal psychotropic drugs without needfully cut downing drug ingestion ( HRA website ) . Motivational Interviewing ( MI ) One of the cardinal factors with MI is covering with ambivalency, the ambivalent desire to transport out one action while pulled by the desire to transport out an opposing action. There are five principals for MI: express empathy ; develop disagreement ; axial rotation with opposition ; back up self-efficacy ; and avoid debate ( Miller A ; Rollnick, 2002 ) . The chief ends of MI are to set up resonance, elicit alteration talk, and set up committedness linguistic communication from the client ( Ibid ) . Humanistic Theory MI is a manner of being with a client, non merely a set of techniques for making reding. MI builds on Carl Rogers humanistic theories about people s capablenesss for exerting free pick and altering through a procedure of self-actualization i.e. carry through their full potency and they must first experience credence from their key-worker or instance director. In order to ease growing a lovingness clime is indispensable, one that requires the key-worker or instance director to be congruous, have unconditioned positive respect for the client every bit good as show empathetic apprehension ( Rogers, 1980: 115-116 ) . Transtheoretical Model ( TTM ) or Stages-of-Change Model HR schemes are based on a common premise: Peoples are finally capable of doing an informed pick in their ain best involvement. The picks they make depend on their preparedness to alter. The TTM was foremost proposed by Prochaska and DiClemente in 1986. Harmonizing to them, there are six phases of alteration: precontemplation, contemplation, readying, action, care, and backsliding. Patients can be conceptualized as traveling along a continuum marked by these phases. It is of import to observe that the alteration procedure is cyclical, and persons typically move back and Forth between the phases and rhythm at different rates ( Wanigaratne, 2006 ) . Case Management Protocol this includes run intoing the demands for psychiatric or physical intervention, household and societal relationships, basic endurance demands, safe adjustment, employment, leisure, cultural and religious demands ( 2001: 732 ) .This was non covered on the academic course of study in the Michaelmas Term or Hilary Term at Trinity College, Dublin. However, it could be considered an extension of the Harm Reduction doctrine and the Strengths position that Chrysalis draws on. Rosen A ; Teesson describe case-management as a united system of all services required by the client and: Case-management encourages and sustains ongoing contact with staff in bureaus while at the same clip puting the client at the Centre of their ain intervention and attention. The case-management inaugural aids clients to entree intervention and services that they had antecedently encountered barriers to. Weaver et Al. in MacGregor advise that these barriers included a deficiency of information and ineligibility for support ; long waiting lists ; a disfavor of assignments and bureaucratism ; shame and stigma ; travel ; fright and negative experiences of anterior intervention ( 2010: 89-93 ) . It ensures that no client falls through the clefts and it is influenced by the Biopsychosocial Model. Biopsychosocial Model Zinberg summarised the premiss behind the Biopsychosocial Model devised by Engel ( 1977 ) which offers both a model for understanding dependence and a model for making a tract to recovery. It highlights the emotional jobs of the client and besides brings attending to the relationships with environing. Zinberg ( 1984 ) referred to it as Drug, Set and Setting . Marlatt A ; Gordon ( 1985 ) use the backsliding procedure as ground to back up the demand of the Biopsychosocial Model ( Lecture, Kevin Ducray, October 2010 ) . Ducray asserts that the theoretical account is understood as a theoretical account of the best patterns , because it proposes the most appropriate set of intercession programmes and services to run into the client s demands. Case-management is surely influenced by the Biopsychosocial, Harm Reduction and Strengths Models in supplying motivational, integrated and individualised services to the client. Overview of My Duties Initially, I was provided with a transcript of Chrysalis policies to read, which are connected to the streamlined policies of the Progression Routes Initiative. After detecting an appraisal, I felt comfy plenty to carry on my ain comprehensive appraisals. After measuring a client, I identified their specific demands or barriers to come on. I presented their instance at Weekly Staff meetings and I made recommendations based on the client s degree of motive to alter and the type of service they required. As a key-worker my undertakings included prosecuting with the client ; guaranting consent ; finishing a elaborate holistic appraisal and developing a attention program ; recommending on behalf of the client ; working to carry through attention program actions ; prosecuting and sharing information with other bureaus as required ; maintaining relevant instance notes/records ; and guaranting that client aims should be expressed as SMART ( specific, mensurable, accomplishable, relevant and clip edge ) and be on a regular basis reviewed for advancement ( Doyle, 2010: 11 ) . Other general responsibilities included replying the phone and taking messages, go toing hebdomadal staff meetings and biweekly client debrief meetings, developing the Women s Pre-Entry Group with Coolmine and the Chrysalis Client Satisfaction Survey. I will detail my undertakings further in the Professional Development subdivision. Case Study Michael I presented Michael s instance to the hebdomadal staff meeting and I was assigned as his key-worker. I called him to set up our first key-working session. I considered Michael to be at the preparation phase of the Transtheoretical Model. I believe he had moved from the action phase by detoxing from diacetylmorphine and benzodiazepines in the infinite of a twelvemonth back to the contemplation phase and forward to his current phase of preparation to be after for dolophine hydrochloride detox. He had already started to do little alterations towards this by cut downing his dose with his physician before relapsing by exceeding up.Michael was referred to Chrysalis by Soilse and I arranged a reciprocally convenient clip for an appraisal. In his appraisal, Michael outlined that he needed aid to use to the Lantern to detox from dolophine hydrochloride as he had started to cut down his dolophine hydrochloride with the aid of his physician. He had been addicted to heroin and benzodiazepin es but detoxed from benzodiazepines and was now maintained on 70mls of dolophine hydrochloride. He besides required aid with using to RAS ( Rental Accommodation Scheme ) as he had lived in private rented adjustment for 16 months and after 18 months he would be eligible for this strategy. Michael advised that he had programs to go to DCU and analyze Physics and Astronomy. He appeared to be extremely motivated and self-conscious as he realised his intended programs to detox would take precedence for the following twelvemonth and pave the manner for his surveies the undermentioned twelvemonth. He besides displayed committedness by go toing all of his key-working Sessionss and he was normally 15 proceedingss early! This preparation phase is characterised by the client jumping into alteration excessively rapidly, driven by anxiousness and exhilaration. Michael decidedly exhibited marks of both of these as he stated that he besides wished to give up coffin nails! I gently reminded him of everything he had detoxed from in the past twelvemonth and asked him what his short-run end and long-run end was. He advised his short-run end was to cut down dolophine hydrochloride to 50mls to be eligible for the Lantern and so detox from dolophine hydrochloride. His long-run end was to be methadone free, in RAS adjustment and enrolled in university. His desire to give up coffin nails was rapidly forgotten, as he realised it could do him to get worse by making excessively much at one clip. He decided to concentrate on the first measure of cut downing dolophine hydrochloride to use to the Lantern. Michael so admitted to me that he had non been wholly honorable when he told that he had reduced his dolophine hydrochloride. Yes, he had reduced ; nevertheless he had been exceeding up with street dolophine hydrochloride, and now he did non experience ready to use to the Lantern. I intentionally did non notice on the fact that he had non been wholly honorable, and focused on the fact that he trusted me adequate to confide in. Now we could fix a attention program that would non travel excessively rapidly for him and we could park the Lantern option. I recommended that Michael besides rede his physician that he had been exceeding up, so that the physician could help him in returning to 100mls and avoid topping up and so cut down in the hereafter at Michael s gait. Michael was relieved to hold confided in me and thanked me for being nonjudgmental, for understanding his state of affairs and for listening. When I wrote a screen missive for Michael s RAS application, he requested that I noted that he did non wish to be housed in Finglas. Michael s petition was due to negative association with his old diacetylmorphine usage there ( Drug ) , the possible triggers for backsliding if he was housed at that place ( Set ) in Finglas ( Puting ) which draws on the Biopsychosocial Model and Zinberg s sum-up of this.I discussed other options such as the Community Detox Support Protocol and Coolmine Stabilisation programme. I asked Michael to hold a non-committed think about them during the hebdomad and I reminded him to concentrate on his short-run end of keeping his dolophine hydrochloride at 100mls with his physician. I affirmed that the end of subjecting his RAS application was completed which was a positive measure towards the hereafter. I pointed out that he had been homeless for 4 old ages while addicted to drugs ; but now he had been settled in private adjustment for 16 months and was on do lophine hydrochloride care with programs to travel to university. His present state of affairs was the consequence of difficult work and immense motive to alter on Michael s portion and he should be proud of himself as this was a monolithic accomplishment. Michael appeared to be happy to be reminded of this and stated yeah, I suppose it is one measure at a clip, and I ll acquire at that place . At his following key-working assignment I explored with Michael his apprehension of detox and its deductions and what support systems he had in topographic point. I went through the Community Detox Support protocols with Michael and advised of the hazards and his duties. By the terminal of the session he had a good apprehension that detox was a slow procedure that did non go on in isolation and that follow up and aftercare were all portion of the on-going procedure. Based on this, Michael is now committed to get worse bar to help him in bracing en path to his end of detoxing. I advised I would confer with the squad at the following staff meeting to measure which staff member would be the best tantrum to supply him with backsliding bar guidance. Michael besides advised that he was holding jobs with paying a measure and I said I would recommend on his behalf and supply his inside informations to St Vincent de Paul so they could set up a house visit and supply nutrient verifiers. By non holding to worry about arrears, get the better ofing this barrier would help him in concentrating on his recovery. I believe and hope that little stairss and consistent support will authorise Michael to make the action and maintence phases and accomplish his long-run ends of detoxing from dolophine hydrochloride, settling into RAS adjustment and analyzing in DCU. I wish him all the best.At the terminal of my arrangement Michael was having aid as per the Biopsychosocial Model and rules of case-management. He was go toing Relapse Prevention guidance, St Vincent de Paul had contacted him in relation to nutrient verifiers, his RAS application was submitted and he was committed to keeping his dolophine hydrochloride with the aid of his physician. In his RAS application signifier he advised he wished to use for the Scheme because I live beside drug traders and I am a recovering nut. I want to construct a better hereafter for myself and be drug free, and I have programs to analyze in DCU . I recognised Michael s place within the Transtheoretical Model and I applied the principals of Motivational Interviewing and Humanistic Theory to my attack. I observed Harm Reduction in action which asserts that slow, incremental alteration is more permanent, and more accomplishable than seeking to alter everything all at one time. Through key-working, I utilised the principal of case-management and the Biopsychosocial Model and addressed lodging, fiscal every bit good as medical demands. I used the same principals on my other clients who seemed to react good to this attack. I discovered the truth behind the slogan manners affair . If word count allowed, I would besides offer a instance survey of the group dynamic within the Women s Pre-Entry Group. Personal Development The squad I was placed with are antic. I ever felt a portion of the squad, and that my parts were valued. I recognition this both to my avidity to take on anything they threw at me, and their inclusiveness and supportiveness. This arrangement has enabled me to reflect on co-dependency. Gerald May noted that within co-dependency ironically, it is the most sympathetic, compassionate, loving individuals in the nut s societal circle that are most likely to fall into such collusion ( 1988: 51 ) . The ground I made the determination to alter callings from insurance to dependence was based entirely as a consequence of the personal experience life with my spouse who was dependent on intoxicant. Through theory, I learnt that the properties of compassion, love and continued hope would hold me to be co-dependent and be viewed negatively within the Disease Model. From my arrangement, I discovered that if they are used within boundaries, these qualities are a positive for working within harm decrease and they enable me to expose Humanistic qualities and Motivational Interviewing principals towards clients. I discovered it is healthy to trust for the clients and to swear in their interior strengths, resiliency and self-efficacy. It is non my function to fix clients. Within the dependence intervention industry, I will be invariably challenged to incorporate emotions and carry uncertainnesss, whilst keeping a positive attitude and a solution-focused attack. My challenge is to interpret theory into practical, effectual and authorising solutions for my clients. Sometimes I found it hard to be patient and listen to the clients because I allowed myself to believe further in front than the client ( in a manner I allowed myself to read their heads ) . I realised that there was a hazard of seting words in the client s oral cavity or completing their sentences. I needed to larn to exert a batch of control and subject over that and actively listen at the client s gait instead than at my ain. On contemplation, I could impute this to over-excitement and nervousness or at worst to my ain fright of neglecting in the chase of my ain self-interested desire for a perfect key-working session. Upon deeper contemplation, I was trying to cover up my deficiency of assurance in a new state of affairs by moving like I knew it all. I may besides be excessively critical of myself, as I did non really interrupt any of the clients ( I was merely afraid of making so! ) and I received positive feedback from my clients. Michael stated You re merely superb thanks so much! and Daniel told me you hold a great bosom for this industry! and presented me with a pot works. I thanked him and I advised him that while I could non accept personal gifts, I could accept it on behalf of the squad, which satisfies policy guidelines. The feedback from the clients indicated that they felt they had received empathic hearing, support and authorization through their ain self-efficacy. I discovered that I do non hold the power to authorise others, but alternatively, I can assist people empower themselves. I have observed and utilised the prevailing theoretical accounts of intervention within Chrysalis, and I will endeavor to spread out on these accomplishments throughout my calling. I learnt a great trade about myself on this arrangement. The journey taught me about my personal resiliency, my ability to work under force per unit area and my ability to take control of complex state of affairss. I was besides able to derive a far greater insight and cognition of how to advocate people in many-sided state of affairss including protagonism, crisis state of affairss, injury and a figure of other extremely nerve-racking state of affairss. It taught me about the importance of supervising and self-care to avoid burn out something which seems to be really prevailing within the dependence field. I appreciated the degree of supervising provided to me. All of the lasting staff were systematically available to me despite their busy agendas and my supervisor conducted regular supervising Sessionss with me. They provided positive relationships for illustration playing as function theoretical accounts, exhibited a common communicating manner, general support and deputation of duty. They were generous with supplying their expert cognition and they provided instrumental consistent support throughout my 10 hebdomad arrangement. Professional Development I was asked by my supervisor to develop a Chrysalis Client Satisfaction Survey ( CCSS ) by telephone of all 2010 clients. Some clients nomadic Numberss were unapproachable. Of these, some were current clients and we were able to carry on the study face to face after their key-working or guidance session. 60 % of all clients were approachable, and of those, merely 1 % refused to take part. It was a fantastic chance to originate a closed inquiry study, create and implement the questionnaire ( Appendix A ) and set up an online system to collate the information and generate studies ( Appendix B ) . Current clients were besides offered an chance to fall in a Users Forum to do recommendations to better the services provided by Chrysalis and to guarantee that they have a voice. The Chrysalis Board of Management was delighted with the consequences of this undertaking. I attended a direction meeting to get down a new Women s Pre-Entry Group in partnership with Coolmine. This is focused on end puting with optional patterned advance to Coolmine, or the client s chosen bureau. I was the designated minute taker, and during the meeting I was given the duty of certain undertakings by a due day of the month. These undertakings included making a Flyer ( Appendix C ) ; making an Attendance and Evaluation Sheet ( Appendix D ) ; making a referral Form ( Appendix E ) ; and making a Certificate of Attendance ( Appendix F ) . My work was favorably received by both Chrysalis and Coolmine. I have non included my Meeting Minutes as an Appendix as this would go against confidentiality. I co-facilitated one Women s Group session as an observant pupil. This was a superb chance to see the group dynamic, detect the motivational manner of facilitation, and see how clients at different stages of alteration or motive affected the group dynamic. I participated in a figure of Outreach displacements for sex workers which can be described as frontline, low threshold work typifying harm decrease principals. The purpose is to set up contact with marginalised groups in their environment and supply them with appropriate support such as safer sex stuffs and harm decrease information, and contact inside informations to set up an assignment. My supervisor outlined an assignment for me to measure the Mobile Health Clinic and find if it is feasible undertaking. Unfortunately, due to its mechanical jobs, I was unable to finish this study. However, I believe it has the possible to supply an priceless injury decrease service to sex-workers in their ain environment. It will supply an advanced service in Dublin offering a free GP service on a to the full equipped vehicle with entree to local pharmaceuticss for free prescriptions. It will besides supply a waiting room with a lavatory, a GP consulting room, a confidential one-to-one Outreach room, tea and java devising installations and a Needle Exchange Service. I attended interagency case-management meetings as an perceiver ; I visited bureaus to advance the Mobile Health Clinic and Women s Group ; and I was an built-in portion of Staff Meetings and Client Debrief Meetings. The latter was a comfy supportive environment for common aid between staff. I besides completed HRB signifiers for my key-working clients and assisted the counselors with their signifiers if they were inexperienced with these. I developed the accomplishment of composing concise instance notes and the art of fixing for the following key-working session. On a hebdomadal footing I visited Alcohol and Drug Agencies in Dublin to detect their ethos, locations and do contacts ( e.g. Ana Liffey, Saol and Merchant s Quay ) . This enabled me to rede my clients better if I had to mention them to another bureau. I attended a Traveller Conference at Pavee Point, received two yearss of Needle Exchange preparation and one twenty-four hours of Progression Routes preparation. The arrangement experience is a give and take state of affairs. The bureau takes off the parts I made to their work, and I take off the benefits of personal and professional development as outlined in this study. I became familiar with Case Management Protocols and interlinked those with theoretical accounts and theory from university ; developed key-working accomplishments ; made interagency contacts through networking and protagonism ; discovered professional function theoretical accounts ; and gained assurance through supportive staff and feedback from clients. My Learning Aims at the start of my arrangement were exceeded by the acquisition chances provided by Chrysalis ( Appendix G ) . Decision I would be delighted to return as a voluntary and resume appraisals and key-working. I would besides be really interested in co-facilitating a new Partner Support Group. I believe there would be a immense demand for this service ; peculiarly one that draws upon the Strengths Perspective. I exhaustively enjoyed my clip at Chrysalis, and my lone sorrow is that it was so short. I would wish to thank all the staff at Chrysalis for welcoming me so wholeheartedly, for including me in the Chrysalis squad and for liberally sharing a wealth of cognition.

Definition and Examples of Euro-English

Definition and Examples of Euro-English Euro-English is an emerging variety of the English language used by speakers in the European Union whose mother tongue is not English. Gnutzmann et al. point out that it is not clear, as yet, whether English in Europe will in the foreseeable future become a language in its own right, one that is owned by its multilingual speakers, or whether the orientation towards native-speaker language norms will continue to persist (Communicating Across Europe in  Attitudes Towards English in Europe, 2015). Observations Two foreign girlsnannies? tourists?one German, one Belgian (?), talking in English beside me on the next table, unconcerned by my drinking and my proximity. . . . These girls are the new internationalists, roving the world, speaking good but accented English to each other, a kind of flawless Euro-English: I am very bad with separation, the German girl says as she stands up to leave. No true English speaker would express the idea in this way, but it is perfectly comprehensible. (William Boyd, Notebook No. 9. The Guardian, July 17, 2004)   The Forces Shaping Euro-English [T]he evidence is accumulating that a Euro-English is growing. It is being shaped by two forces, one top-down and the other bottom-up.The top-down force comes from the rules and regulations of the European Union. There is an influential English Style Guide issued by the European Commission. This makes recommendations about how English should be written in official documents from the member states. On the whole it follows standard British English usage, but in cases where British English has alternatives, it makes decisionssuch as recommending the spelling judgment, not judgement...More important than these top-down linguistic pressures, I suspect, are the bottom-up trends which can be heard around Europe these days. Ordinary Europeans who have to use English to each other every day are voting with their mouths and developing their own preferences. . . . In sociolinguistics, the technical term for this interaction is accommodation. People who get on with each other find that their acc ents move closer together. They accommodate to each other...I dont think Euro-English exists yet, as a variety comparable to American English or Indian English or Singlish. But the seeds are there. It will take time. The new Europe is still an infant, linguistically. (David Crystal, By Hook or by Crook: A Journey in Search of English. Overlook, 2008) Characteristics of Euro-English [I]n  2012 a report found that 38% of the EU’s citizens speak [English] as a foreign language. Nearly all of those working at EU institutions in Brussels do. What would happen to English without the English? A sort of Euro-English, influenced by foreign languages, is already in use. Many Europeans use control to mean monitor because  contrà ´ler  has that meaning in French. The same goes for assist, meaning to attend (assister  in French,  asistir  in Spanish). In other cases, Euro-English is just a naive but incorrect extension of English grammatical rules: many nouns in English that don’t properly pluralise with a final s are merrily used in Euro-English, such as informations and competences. Euro-English also uses words like actor, axis or agent well beyond their narrow range in native English...It could be that whatever native-speakers might consider correct, Euro-English, second language or no, is becoming a dialect fluently spoken by a large group of people who understand each other perfectly well. Such is the case of English in India or South Africa, where a small group of native speakers is dwarfed by a far larger number of second-language speakers. One effect m ay be that this dialect would lose some of the tricky bits of English, such as the future perfect progressive (We will have been working) that aren’t strictly necessary. (Johnson, English Becomes Esperanto. The Economist, April 23, 2016) Euro-English as a Lingua Franca - Tramp . . . could be the first English-language glossy magazine aimed at people who speak Euro-English as a second language. (Social Vacuum. The Sunday Times, April 22, 2007)- In the case of English in Europe, there seems little doubt that it will continue to increase its position as the dominant lingua franca. Whether this will result in varieties of European Englishes, or in a single variety of Euro-English being used as a lingua franca can only be determined by further research. The extent to which it is stifling (Gà ¶rlach, 2002:1) other European languages by steadily encroaching on more and more domains also needs to be researched, as do European attitudes toward English, especially the attitudes of the young. (Andy Kirkpatrick, World Englishes: Implications for International Communication and English Language Teaching. Cambridge University Press, 2007) Further Reading AmericanizationDenglish (Denglisch)Global EnglishGlobishNotes on English as a Global LanguageWorld English

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Intermediate macroeconomics - Assignment Example The cycle can be illustrated graphically as shown below. Potential output is the total production of output that is possible when all the factors of production are fully and efficiently employed. For example when the unemployment rate is about 5% since a 0% unemployment rate cannot be achieved in real economic conditions. Actual output is the real physical output that has actually been produced in the economy. Output gap is therefore expressed as the difference between the potential output and the real output. Large output gap is an indication of increased unemployment rate. The neo-classical theory uses output gap to explain business cycle. Y=c[y-t(y)]+i(r)+g dy=c’(dy-I’dy)+I’dr =c’dy-c’I’dy+I’dr dy-c’(1-i’)dy=I’dr dy(1-c’(1-i’)d=I’dr dy=I’dr/1-c’(1-i’) dy/dr=I’/1-c’(1-i’) The expenditure multiplier explains the amount o change in output due to a unit change in government expenditure while tax multiplier explains the amount of change in output due to a unit change in tax rate. m/p=l(r)+k(y)

Pearl Harbor :: essays research papers

Pearl Harbor was the beginning of a war between two countries that would last nearly 4 years and cost hundreds of thousands of lives. The attack was swift and successful for the Japanese and it caught the Americans totally off guard. The â€Å"Day that will live in infamy† drew the United States into a World War in which would change American history forever. The political climate in the pacific area in 1940 was filled with turmoil. The Japanese had extended their empire south through French Indochina and the Japanese Army was invading China, conquering a third of the country. The United States of America was shocked to see this after witnessing Hitler and his Nazi's conquer most of Europe. So, the American's had placed embargoes on their extensive trade with Japan and both countries were negotiating to try to solve their differences. The U.S. tried to negotiate with the Japanese to try to avoid war, trying to convince them that if war broke out between Japan and the United States, Japan, in the long run, would be devastated. So, Secretary of State Cordell Hull and Japanese ambassador Namura and Kiruzo talked on how to solve this crisis. These negotiations proceeded into the summer of 1941.By this time, the Japanese had realized that if they wanted to expand their empire, they would have to fight America and, possibly, her allies. So, they decided to fight. But, in order for Japan to fight America on even terms, they would have to move south, into the East Indies (where there was a lot of raw materials for the Japanese War Machine), which, at that time, were controlled by the western powers: Britain, the Netherlands, Australia, and the United States. But, there was another thorn in Japan's side, the United States Pacific Fleet was moved from San Diego to Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. This was a knife at Japan's throat. If they decided to move south, then the Americans would attack. So, the Japanese had to come up with a plan to get rid of this threat. They called upon their new Commander in Chief of the Combined Fleet, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto. He saw that the British, in 1940, torpedoed the Italian fleet at Toranto using old Fairy Swordfish torpedo bombers. So, Yamamoto thought if the British could use old biplanes to sink three battleships at Toranto, then he could use his modern Nakajima B5N torpedo bombers and Aichi D3A dive bombers to destroy more. Pearl Harbor :: essays research papers Pearl Harbor was the beginning of a war between two countries that would last nearly 4 years and cost hundreds of thousands of lives. The attack was swift and successful for the Japanese and it caught the Americans totally off guard. The â€Å"Day that will live in infamy† drew the United States into a World War in which would change American history forever. The political climate in the pacific area in 1940 was filled with turmoil. The Japanese had extended their empire south through French Indochina and the Japanese Army was invading China, conquering a third of the country. The United States of America was shocked to see this after witnessing Hitler and his Nazi's conquer most of Europe. So, the American's had placed embargoes on their extensive trade with Japan and both countries were negotiating to try to solve their differences. The U.S. tried to negotiate with the Japanese to try to avoid war, trying to convince them that if war broke out between Japan and the United States, Japan, in the long run, would be devastated. So, Secretary of State Cordell Hull and Japanese ambassador Namura and Kiruzo talked on how to solve this crisis. These negotiations proceeded into the summer of 1941.By this time, the Japanese had realized that if they wanted to expand their empire, they would have to fight America and, possibly, her allies. So, they decided to fight. But, in order for Japan to fight America on even terms, they would have to move south, into the East Indies (where there was a lot of raw materials for the Japanese War Machine), which, at that time, were controlled by the western powers: Britain, the Netherlands, Australia, and the United States. But, there was another thorn in Japan's side, the United States Pacific Fleet was moved from San Diego to Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. This was a knife at Japan's throat. If they decided to move south, then the Americans would attack. So, the Japanese had to come up with a plan to get rid of this threat. They called upon their new Commander in Chief of the Combined Fleet, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto. He saw that the British, in 1940, torpedoed the Italian fleet at Toranto using old Fairy Swordfish torpedo bombers. So, Yamamoto thought if the British could use old biplanes to sink three battleships at Toranto, then he could use his modern Nakajima B5N torpedo bombers and Aichi D3A dive bombers to destroy more.

Outlin of an ICT project for a hairdressing business

The Hair Studio has recently opened in the local Sutton Coldfield neighbour hood. The Salon has been open for the past 6 months. This new Hair salon has a variety of products that it sells, such as hair and care product to enhance the hair and improve it also it has a selection of professionals that cut and do re-styling of the hair. The salon has been experiencing many problems in the past couple of months since it has opened. All the customer details have been stored in filing cabinets. The disadvantages of having the information of the customers stored in filing cabinets are that the cabinets take up space and too much room of the salon which may cause some inconvenience. There is also a probability that some of the customer details could get misplaced of even lost therefore this could lead to customer complaints. The reputation of the salon could lessen and this will affect the company sales and income. The hair salon is not efficient enough because other problems could occur such as double bookings this would cause confusion for the salon. The salon needs to advertise their business since it is new to the local area and they could do this by putting up poster and other methods such as making leaflets. The opening hours of the shop should be put on the salon door so the people are aware of the opening hours of the hair salon. I am an ICT specialist and I have been approached by the Hair Studio salon business and they have asked me to design an ICT solution which is a new system that will help salon to hopefully function more smoothly. This new ICT system that I will give the hair salon will help the business become more organised and can handle the client’s data more efficiently. The ICT system should make a huge difference to this business and the hair salon should have a vast benefit from the changes that will take place within it business. This will make the salon work more effectively and make the salon more reliable so this can fulfil customer loyalty and there will be no customer complaints. The new ICT should make a huge difference to the salon and solve all their problems at present. I am going to solve all these problems at present by using the ICT system which will allow the data of all the clients to be managed in a securely and safe way so no other person from a third party can enter the clients personal details. The system will be able to save and store the records of each client who comes to the hair salon frequently, and this will make it easier for the details to be handled by a member of staff. To make the information organised in a professional style I can make columns for the ICT system such as Name, Surname, Address, telephone/mobile number this will go under the personal details section and the other section will be where all the appointments will be booked in the appointment booking system. This will help the salon manage the details in an organised manner and there will be secure.

Does Child Abuse Cause Crime - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2079 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/07/03 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: Juvenile Justice Essay Did you like this example? On May 26, 2000 Nathaniel Brazill shot and killed his seventh grade, english teacher at Lake Worth Middle School with a .25 caliber handgun. As a result he was tried as an adult and sentenced to a state prison for 28 years. Now, if a person were to hear a story like this, they would probably say Thank god they put that psychotic kid away, and would not question the reasons why he shot his teacher Weve created the image that teenagers are something to be feared states Dan Macallair of the Center on Juvenile justice in San Francisco. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Does Child Abuse Cause Crime?" essay for you Create order All we know about Nathaniel Brazill was that he was in the seventh grade, he had somehow acquired a handgun, and he shot his teacher. On the other hand, what we dont know is why he killed his teacher, what was the state of his mental health, and what was his home environment like. Although this isnt to say that what he did was ok, all it would ask is, did he get a fair trial and can he learn from his mistakes if he is charged as adult. I mean in the end isnt he just a kid right? As a society, we tend to acknowledge that kids, below the age eighteen, cant and dont operate as adults, thats why the law takes special steps to shield kids from the implications of their actions, and infrequently seeks to ameliorate the damages caused once kids make wrong decisions, by giving them a second chance. The law prohibits individuals below eighteen from voting, serving within the military, and a plethora of other things, however in some states, theyll be hanged for crimes they committed before they reach adulthood. According to ACLU, the US Supreme Court prohibits execution for crimes committed at the age of fifteen or younger. Nineteen states have laws allowing the execution of a person that committed crimes at sixteen or seventeen. Since 1973, 226 juvenile death sentences were imposed on these poor teens. To this day, according to ACLU there has been twenty-two juvenile offenders who are dead and eighty two who are still on death row. In the article, Juveniles Dont Deserve Life Sentence by the author and juvenile court judge, Gail Garinger, he explains why he believes, kids should not get sentenced to life in prison and tried as an adult. Approximately seventy nine young adolescents have been sentenced to die in prison nationwide. These teenagers should not be judged by their crime first but rather the scenario, because theres always three sides to a story that the judge needs to hear. These include the victims point of view, the teens point of view, and the truth of the whole situation. When giving a person a sentencing in general, the court system needs to take into consideration the age, mental state, and who the person committing the crime is as a person. Deciding on whether or not to make the life sentence applicable to minors should depend on the specific situation. Everybody makes mistakes and it is not fair that in some cases the judges do not take the childs life into consideration. Some these teens can change their lives completely if the court system gives them a second chance and gives them a minor punishment so they can learn their lesson from the whole situation. Garinger also states in the article that young people are biologically different than adults meaning that their minds are not fully developed to be trialed in court as an adult. While adolescents can be held accountable for their actions, scientific information demonstrates that they can not fairly be held accountable to the same extent as adults. Studies by the Harvard Medical School, the National Institute of Mental Health and the UCLAs Department of Neuroscience finds that the frontal and prefrontal lobes of the brain, which regulate impulse control and judgment, are not fully developed in adolescents. These findings confirm that adolescents generally have a greater tendency towards impulsivity, making unsound judgments or reasoning, and are less aware of the consequences of their actions. Structurally the brain continues to be growing and maturing throughout adolescence, starting its final stages at sixteen or seventeen. Some researchers say that growth maxes out at age twenty. Others, like Jay Giedd of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) in Bethesda, contemplate whether twenty five is the age at that brain maturation peaks.Various forms of brain scans and anatomic dissections show that as teens age, disordered-looking neuron cell bodies called substantia grisea recede, and neuron projections lined in a very protecting fatty sheath, known as substantia alba, take over. In 1999, Giedd and colleagues showed that just before puberty, kids have a growth spurt of substantia grisea. This is followed by huge pruning within which about one hundred forty five of substantia grisea is pared down every year during the kids years, while the overall volume of substantia alba ramps up. This method is believed to form the brains neural connections for adulthood, based on e xperience. Not just that but according to Giedd the prefrontal cortex which controls impulse and reasoning also grows with the substantia grisea. A study done in 2001 at the University of California Los Angeles, states quite a few hypotheses, that have been postulated for why juveniles may engage in impulsive and risky behaviors. Accounts of Juvenile trials suggest that it is a period of development associated with progressively greater efficiency of cognitive control capacities. This efficiency in cognitive control is described as dependent on maturation of the prefrontal cortex which has yet to mature. This basic function controls reasoning and emotions. Improved cognitive control with development of the prefrontal cortex is consistent with a increase in this ability from childhood to adulthood. Without proper cognitive function a person can make a stupid mistake without thinking of the consequence. Culpability of juveniles and whether their brains are as capable of impulse control, decision-making, and reasoning as adult brains are, is what should be focused on when you try a child as an adult states law professor Steven Drizin of Northwestern University in Chicago. And to answer whether or not a juvenile has the same capable impulse control and decision making as an adult brain does the answer is no. The brains prefrontal cortex, which allows restraint over hasty behavior, doesnt begin to mature until 17 years of age, states Ruben Gur of the University of Pennsylvania. The very part of the brain that is judged by the legal system process comes on board late. Choices and actions observed during adolescence represent an inflection in development that is unique from either childhood or adulthood stated by the National Center for Health Statistics on juvenile behavior and mortality. If cognitive control and an immature prefrontal cortex were the basis for bad choice behavior alone, then children should look remarkably similar or presumably worse than adolescents, This alone proves that a kid is a kid, because a kid does not think, they act with their emotions. But I do understand how hard it would be to link the changes in the teenage brain, with legal or moral accountability is tough. Paul Thompson a professor of neurology claimed Even though normal teens are experiencing a wildfire of tissue loss in their brains, that does not remove their accountability.(Paul Thompson) What we can infer from this is that there are parts of the frontal lobes that allows reckless actions restructure themselves with startling speed in the teen years. With th is information on teen brains we can can see that teens need all the help they can get to steer onto the right path in these very difficult times. Even though there seems to be a lot of facts of why an underdeveloped prefrontal cortex in teens should allow them a certain amount of leaniacy, some people believe that even though an underdeveloped prefrontal cortex may limit reasoning it still does not erase accountability toward those crimes. For example Jennifer Jenkins, President of the National Organization of Victims of Juvenile Lifers wrote an article called Punishment on Teen Killers. She argues that brain development is not the reason why teens commit violent crimes. She is also against advocates that are against juvenile life without parole or JLWOP. She also believes that these kids know fully well what they are doing and should not have any leniency because of their age. It is important to keep the teenage brains in mind when we as a society decide how poor decisions should be punished.If brain development were the reason, then teens would kill at roughly the same rates all over the world. They do not. Advocates often r epeat, but truly misunderstand brain research on this issue.(Jenkins) But maybe its not the most important factor in how those decisions get made in the first place. For example ones economic standing and home life and life may be a reason to turn to crime. The results of a new study by Mike Males from the Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice support the argument that teenage poverty, and teenage biology, is most to blame for teenage crime. Males looked into more than 50,000 homicides in California from 1991 to 2002. As one would expect, teenagers perpetrated more of the homicides than other age groups, but only when he did not control for poverty. When he did control for poverty, teenagers committed more crimes than other age groups only in high-poverty areas. In the areas where teenagers had as much money as other middle-aged people, they tended to commit fewer violent crimes. And in the areas where middle-aged people had as little money as other teenagers, those middle-aged people tended to commit just as many violent crimes. In other words, financially secure teens act as responsibly as stereotypical middle-aged people; and poor middle-aged people act as recklessly as stereotypical teens. The financial situations of the would be perpetrators had a lot bigger impact than what age they were at the time. And that impact was huge: The homicide rate among the poorest teenagers Males looked at was eighteen times higher than it was among the wealthiest. We can infer that when teenagers are stressing about money they will try something reckless in order to become financially sound. Economic standing is not the only other factor to why juveniles go into a life of crime it is also cause by problems a t home. Teenagers need their peers love, affection and care more than anything else. Cholee Clay, a person working in Criminal justice and volunteers in juvenile group homes states neglected teens are more prone to become criminals, as the lack of love and affection they feel they deserved from the family makes them angry and violent. They channelize their negative energy in committing crimes. Some new research suggests an association between childhood abuse and later involvement in delinquency. A study done by Carolyn Smith and Terence P. Thornberry, both professors of Criminal Justice, examines this issue using official and self?report data from the Rochester Youth Development Study. This analysis addresses three central issues: the significance of the relationship between early child abuse and later delinquency, official and self?reported; the possibility of spuriousness in this relationship; and the impact of more extensive measurement of abuse on later delinquency. A significant relationship between child abuse and self?reported and official delinquency is found and this relationship.(Smith) Especially for more serious forms of delinquency, remains when controlling for other factors. As a results we can see that the more extensive the abuse is, the higher the rates are for delinquency. Of these reports, about one in four, or 9.2 per 1,000 children, are substantiated f or abuse or neglect perpetrated by a caregiver (Barboza). This elevated rate of proof is alarming given previous research showing that children who experience abuse and neglect have an increased risk of poor behavioral outcomes, such as externalizing and internalizing behavior and juvenile delinquency, and are more likely to be involved in the criminal justice system As one can see juvenile crimes are not solely based on the the brains prefrontal cortex being under developed, it is also based on the idea that each child has their own reasons why they do a certain act. Maybe because they arent financially sound or they are being abused at home, everyone has their own problems. And while sending juveniles to a juvenile detional facility may be the only choice to give these teens it may not be the best.